12/7/2023 0 Comments Best 9mm ammo for suppressorBecause of the narrowly focused design features, the Aurora 2 comes up short in a lot of places, including noise reduction. However, if you are looking for the quietest 9mm suppressor, keep looking. Designed for military use by downed pilots and aircrew, it is an incredibly robust silencer despite its diminutive size. In fact, it is so short and compact that it doesn’t even need a muzzle booster!Īt just 3.3” in length and weighing just over 3 ounces, the Gemtech Aurora 2 is an incredibly small, lightweight 9mm suppressor. The most compact 9mm suppressor on the market today is the Gemtech Aurora 2. SHORTEST/MOST COMPACT 9MM SUPPRESSOR: GEMTECH AURORA 2 Weight: 9.6 or 11 ounces depending on configuration 22, the Banish 45 can be quickly configured for your gun, your caliber, and your setup – even. And more importantly, it is multi-caliber rated! That means no matter if you are shooting a thundering 10mm, or popping off a little. That means you can make it longer or shorter based on your needs. That means it is lighter, stronger, more durable, and quieter than a silencer that uses stainless steel. 22, your average purpose-built 9mm will work just fine.īut if you want a true universal handgun suppressor that is compatible with a wide range of caliber AND costs less than a thousand bucks, then you need a Banish 45. 300 Blackout in, and of course, if you want to suppress that. They handle 9×19mm and little else that isn’t around that same size/power range. Many 9mm suppressors are pretty much caliber specific. Now we should be clear – the Banish 45 is our own proprietary pistol silencer, but let us show you why it is the best 9mm silencer for the money. However, for a couple hundred bucks more, it is possible to get a truly revolutionary pistol silencer – the Banish 45. It saves a few bucks, but it adds weight. Picking the Centurion apart more, we see it has stainless steel baffles instead of titanium. That’s a pretty good bargain on the surface until you realize it is only rated for 9mm. Some 9mm silencers, like the Liberty Suppressors Centurion are just under $650 before tax stamp and various transfer fees. In this case, we are after a feature-rich suppressor that offers a good combination of price point and user advantages. Certainly, price is an important factor, but a simple price comparison will give you the cheapest 9mm suppressor, and that’s not what we’re looking for here. Of course, if we are looking for the best 9mm suppressor for the money, we must look beyond just the best budget suppressor. However, the best budget 9mm suppressor can be identified mostly by price point. Therefore “cheap” in terms of quality is out of the equation here. Is there such a thing as a suppressor that’s simply “too cheap?” Probably, but fortunately, there aren’t any that we’re aware of that are so poorly made on the market as to justify rejecting them. Categoryīest 9mm Suppressor for the Money: BANISH 45 Suffice it to say, what may be the single most important factor other than price is the one that is hardest to pin down.Īs we mentioned, we’ve also got our top choices for suppressor hosts and ammo choices, so those are on the list below, too. Choosing a handgun suppressor based on how quiet it is, though, can be problematic, and that’s something we will touch on in a minute. We can categorically state the cost of a given suppressor or the overall dimensions of a 9mm suppressor. Of these three variables, two are pretty rigid. How much is it, how compact is it, and how quiet is it? There are three main criteria most people use when choosing the best 9mm suppressor. Use the links below to skip ahead: AN OVERVIEW OF THE BEST 9MM SUPPRESSORS, HOSTS, AND AMMO In other words, while we won’t tell you what the single best 9mm suppressor is, we will give you some objective data to help you decide what the best 9mm suppressor is FOR YOU – as well as our top three picks for the best 9mm suppressors on the market right now, as well as our best choice for a suppressor host and type of subsonic ammo. Some people value price point, others favor extremes in performance, while others still have a long laundry list of features they consider important. Not only because 9mm suppressors are in common use, but because there is no one objective criterion for what is the best 9mm suppressor. The best 9mm suppressor is a topic that has led to a lot of heated debate.
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12/7/2023 0 Comments Flights to key west from rduWhich airline alliances offer flights from Raleigh to Key West?.We unfortunately don’t have that data for this specific route. Which aircraft models fly most regularly from Raleigh to Key West?.There are no direct flights connecting Raleigh to Key West. Which airlines fly nonstop between Raleigh and Key West?.The last departure to Key West leaves Raleigh at 6:11 pm. What’s the latest departure time from Raleigh to Key West?.The earliest departure to Key West leaves Raleigh at 12:00 am. What’s the earliest departure time from Raleigh to Key West?.Raleigh airport is called Raleigh-Durham RDU and the only airport in Key West is Key West EYW. Which airports will I be using when flying from Raleigh to Key West?.Flying from Key West back to Raleigh, the best deals are generally found on Friday, with Friday being the most expensive. What’s the cheapest day of the week to fly from Raleigh to Key West?įor Raleigh to Key West, Tuesday is the cheapest day to fly on average and Thursday is the most expensive.Do I need a passport to fly between Raleigh and Key West?.This flight route requires at least one stop and takes a minimum of 3h 51m. How long does a flight from Raleigh to Key West take?.Learn more about the Southwest ® Experience and book your upcoming flight to Raleigh-Durham International Airport.FAQs for booking flights from Raleigh to Key West Of course, having a memorable trip is about more than finding a great deal on airfare. Book a flight today with Southwest ® and know that the process will be straightforward from flight selection to checkout. The building’s original Greek Revival-style architecture has been preserved, which makes for a visually stunning tour.įeel the warm embrace of the South when you visit Raleigh/Durham. This National Historic Landmark was completed in 1840 and is the center of activity for North Carolina state government. There are many other places to discover downtown on foot, such as historic attractions like the North Carolina State Capitol. Join the trail on Fayetteville Street and discover some of the best parts of downtown Raleigh/Durham while getting some exercise. For other outdoor adventures closer to the city, check out the Art to Heart Corridor, a six-mile-long path that runs through downtown. The single-track mountain biking trails feature gentle climbs and descents, manageable for beginner riders and the more advanced. For mountain bikers, Lake Crabtree County Park boasts 215 acres of thrilling trails. The park includes 22 miles of dedicated hiking paths and other multi-use trails perfect for jogging and cycling. Umstead State Park is a peaceful getaway with more than 5,000 acres of lush forest and peaceful lakes. With a collection ranging from Egyptian funerary art to contemporary pieces, there’s lots to explore.įor more active travelers, Raleigh/Durham contains a number of parks and trails. If your creative side calls, visit the North Carolina Museum of Art. View exhibits on coastal and prehistoric North Carolina or participate in hands-on learning and research. In the heart of downtown Raleigh is the Museum of Natural of Sciences-the Southeast’s largest natural history museum, complete with the Nature Exploration and Research Center. From its enticing array of museums to serene natural parks and vast greenways, this destination is filled with diverse diversions for all travelers. Raleigh/Durham is more than a blossoming Southern hotspot. And with these three burgeoning burgs in close proximity, you’ll never run out of things to do. Once you land at the Raleigh-Durham International Airport, you’ll have access to the Research Triangle Region of North Carolina, a sprawling multi-county area that includes the state capitol, Raleigh, as well as the vibrant cities of Durham and Chapel Hill. A gateway to spectacular natural scenery and a metropolis with the heart of a small town, Raleigh/Durham will please outdoor enthusiasts and metropolitans alike. 12/7/2023 0 Comments Battery indicator iphone 13Turn on TunesKit iOS System Recovery, choose iOS System Repair and click on the Start button. Step 1Turn on TunesKitĬonnect the iPhone with your PC. If you want to know whether it can fix your problem, the best solution is to download it for free and try it by yourself, following the 3-step guide below. But while users have some serious issues like a locked iPhone, they are highly recommended using the Advanced mode. TunesKit suggests using its Standard mode, which will not cause any data loss, to fix common issues like iphone battery indicator stuck issue. TunesKit iOS System Recovery can fix 150+ iOS system issues, including iPhone stuck on charging screen, black screen, disabled screen, iOS update failure, and more. You are suggested using TunesKit iOS System Recovery, a famous and professional repairer which gets tens of thousands of users for iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, and Apple TV out of their problems. You need to use an iOS system repair tool. To remove these iOS system problems like iPhone battery percentage stuck, the simple checks are not enough. When some iOS system problems show up on your iPhone, the iPhone battery indicator usually malfunctions. Fix iOS system problems on iPhone with TunesKit Release it as soon as you see the Apple logo on the screen. Let's see how to hard restart various models of iPhone.įor iPhone 6 or older models: Press the Home button and the Sleep/Wake button until you see the Apple logo on the screen.įor iPhone 7 series: Press and hold the Volume Down button and the Sleep/Wake button until you see the white Apple logo on the screen.įor iPhone 8, X, 11, 12 or later models: Press the Volume Up button quickly, and then the Volume Down button. It will give iPhone a deeper and more advanced repair. There is an upgrading solution of restarting iPhone – hard reboot iPhone. You might have tried restarting iPhone to resolve iPhone battery percentage not updating. After that, test your device to see if the issue is resolved. If yes, just use a dry stick or cloth to clean it. Check your charging cable and port to see if there are any dirt or liquid on it. This would be a simple way to fix the iPhone battery percentage stuck issue. The first method you can try is to clean your charging port and charge cable. In this part, let’s explore the effective ways to help you get out of this trouble. Top 8 methods to fix iPhone battery percentage stuck You can first watch the following short video guide to check some quick methods to fix batery percentage stuck issue on iPhone. Video Tutorial: How to fix iPhone battery percentage stuck This would cause the percentage not working properly. There is something wrong with the battery itself, or your battery is damaged.Your iOS system has some bugs or other issues.The default settings or preference of your iOS device will also lead to such issue.Your iPhone charging cable or port is not clean or even damaged, which would cause your battery percentage not working.Before get to the detailed solutions, you can check the following causes first. Some iPhone users would ask why is my battery percentage get stuck? In fact, there are many reasons that may cause this problem. Why is my iPhone battery percentage stuck? Contact Apple to fix iPhone battery indicator stuck Check battery health and replace a new one 12/7/2023 0 Comments South park pinball machine valueThe game is available for iOS and Android phones in the App Store and Google Play.Ĭartman's Escape Room is an escape room developed by South Park Studios and Escape the Room. South Park: Phone Destroyer is a mobile game that follows around the boys who are playing Cowboys and Indians along with the New Kid. It is a sequel to 2014's South Park: The Stick of Truth and focuses around Coon and Friends. South Park: The Fractured But Whole is a role-playing game developed by Ubisoft San Francisco, released during Ubisoft's first fiscal year of 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC. South Park Pinball is an arcade pinball game developed by Zen Studios and was released on Octofor PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and PC. When the machine has the language rating is on G, the language will be watered down, so it is acceptable for family-friendly places (i. If the language switch is on PG-13, the game will use mild language (and, like on the show, all strong expletives are bleeped out). The amount of profanity depends on the machine's language rating. South Park: The Stick of Truth is a role-playing game developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released on Mafor PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PC. South Park was a pinball machine made by SEGA Pinball in 1999. South Park: Tenorman's Revenge is a platform game released, exclusively, on the Xbox Live Marketplace on March 30, 2012. It was developed by Doublesix Games for Xbox Live Arcade and was released on October 7, 2009. South Park Let's Go Tower Defense Play! is a tower defense video game based on South Park, featuring characters and locations from the series. The player assume the roles of the boys as they complete numerous challenges on a Japanese game show. South Park Mega Millionaire was released for the iPhone and iPod Touch on September 12, 2009. South Park Imaginationland is a mobile game based on the Imaginationland trilogy. South Park Double Bunny is an online fighting game based on Season Eleven's " Fantastic Easter Special". South Park Prelude to Tokugawa is an online fighting game based on Season Eight's " Good Times with Weapons". Venom Pro Pinball Machine by Stern Add to Wishlist. South Park 10: The Game is a platform game based on the first 10 seasons of South Park, featuring levels reminiscent to scenes on the show. Jurassic Park 30th Anniversary Limited Edition Pinball Machine by Stern Add to Wishlist. South Park: Big Wheel Death Rally is an online racing game. South Park Rally is a racing game developed by Acclaim Entertainment based on South Park, featuring characters and locations from the show. It was developed by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1999. South Park: Chef's Luv Shack is a party game wherein players must answer trivia questions and complete mini games in a game-show style format. The operator can address this by selecting one of three modes: 'G' for family areas, 'TV-14' for teenage areas, or 'TV-MA' for adult areas. South Park Pinball has an adult cartoon theme with puerile elements. South Park is a first-person shooter video game based on the show's first few seasons It was released in 1998 by Acclaim Entertainment for Nintendo 64 and in 1999 for Microsoft Windows and Sony PlayStation. Achievements Other South Park Games Picture 12/7/2023 0 Comments Paragon ntfs linuxTorvalds welcomed the news, though he seemed just a little wary, considering perhaps the company's lack of familiarity with the Linux development process, in case Paragon was also unfamiliar with the licensing requirements. Paragon HFS+ for Linux is the only driver. And we'll need several days to prepare a proper pull request before sending it to you." Full support for compressed NTFS files: write compressed NTFS files not only sequentially but also at random. We've just sent the 27th patch series which fixes to the buildability against current linux-next. this piece of information has not been really clear for us until now. If you are looking for a fully functional Paragon NTFS then you need to either buy. This driver is more fully featured and supports full. And I guess most people would want the new ntfs3 driver for filesystems created with Windows. As of Linux 5.15 the old NTFS code was replaced by new Paragons in-kernel NTFS driver named NTFSv3. Paragon has now responded: "Thanks for this clarification. Paragon NTFS is also fully compatible with new Apple Silicon M1 Mac devices. An idea would be to split the ntfs-3g package into ntfs-3g-tools ntfs-3g-fusedriver libntfs-3g (on which the former depends) A Paragon donated mkfs.ntfs would be a nice thing, but mkntfs from ntfs-3g already fits for nearly all purposes. Whats new in Paragon NTFS&HFS for Linux 8.5: Support for modern Linux Kernels (up to 2.6. All hands on Steam Deck: Fancy a handheld Linux PC that runs Windows apps, sports a custom AMD Zen APU and a touch screen?.A beefy Linux 5.14-rc2 and light at the end of the tunnel for Paragon's NTFS driver.Make-me-admin holes found in Windows, Linux kernel Microsoft NTFS for Linux by Paragon Software is a unique combination of drivers for the NTFS and HFS+ file systems accessible from a Linux environment.Supports all architectures Linux has been ported to, including x86. AWS adds browser access to its cloudy WorkSpaces desktops – but not for Linux Offers powerful NTFS utilities check/fix, format, defrag, wipe, compress, backup, etc.It is too late for version 5.14 of the kernel, for which rc4 has just been released, but potentially could be included in version 5.15. 12/7/2023 0 Comments Rest day benefitsIn fact, rest days are an important part of your training. Some people could think that the more they exercise, the faster they achieve their goals. Passive vs.We have talked before about the benefits of doing exercise for your body and mind, but there is something that you should know: We also need rest days. Blood lactate clearance during active recovery after an intense running bout depends on the intensity of the active recovery. Effects of a recovery swim on subsequent running performance. The effect of active recovery on power performance during the bench press exercise. Yoga poses to pair with your high-intensity interval training. passive recovery and exercise performance: Which strategy is best? Effects of physical activity and inactivity on muscle fatigue. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. If your muscles are sore, foam rolling can help relieve tightness, reduce inflammation, and increase your range of motion. You also can stretch and roll a foam roller over parts of your body and get many of the same benefits. Myofascial release with a foam rollerĪctive recovery doesn’t only include movement. You can cycle either on a stationary bike or on a bicycle outdoors. It’s low-impact and doesn’t put pressure on your joints. CyclingĬycling at a leisurely pace is an excellent way to get in an active recovery. Walking or jogging at a leisurely pace can enhance blood flow and help with recovery.Įven a few minutes of movement the day after a tough workout is enough to promote circulation and help reduce stiffness and soreness. If you’re a runner, you can also go for a slow jog. Walking is one of the best forms of active recovery. It can also reduce stress and inflammation. Both help stretch sore muscles and increase flexibility. Practicing tai chi or yoga can be beneficial for active recovery. Researchers think the water may help reduce inflammation. One study found that among triathletes who followed a HIIT session with recovery in the pool had a better exercise performance the next day. Swimming is a low-impact exercise that’s easy on your joints and muscles. Examples of active recovery exercises include: Swimming You should go slow and not push yourself too hard. You shouldn’t be working at a maximum effort. This is especially important if you’re sore.Īn active recovery day should include different activity from your usual workout at the gym. You can also try stretching, swimming, or yoga.Īctive recovery on your rest days will help your muscles recover. Try going for a walk or an easy bike ride. In the day or two after a strenuous workout, you can still participate in active recovery. On rest days following strenuous activity If you participate in interval or circuit training, a set of active recovery exercise between sets is also beneficial.Ī study by the American Council on Exercise found that athletes who ran or cycled until the point of fatigue recovered faster while continuing at 50 percent of their maximum effort versus stopping completely. As an active cooldown, make sure you’re working at no more than 50 percent of your maximum effort. If you were weightlifting or doing high intensity interval training (HIIT), try the stationary bike at an easy pace for a few minutes. For example, if you went for a run or sprint, try a short, light jog or walk for 10 minutes. But, if you keep moving, it can greatly help you recover. As cooldown following a workoutĪfter a tough workout, you may want to stop and sit or lie down. There are a few different ways to partake in active recovery exercise. You may feel better the next time you exercise, too. This accumulation of ions can lead to muscle contraction and fatigue.īy participating in active recovery, this accumulation decreases, helping your muscles feel less fatigued and keeping you going. Blood lactate may accumulate during intense exercise and results in an increase in hydrogen ions in the body. Studies show that active recovery exercise may help clear blood lactate in the body. Three types of active recovery and how it works 12/7/2023 0 Comments Coffee temperature mugSince we've had it one massive argument has arisen, my dad likes his coffee lets say around 50*c and my mum likes hers much, much hotter. Recently I convinced my parents to go out and buy a semi-auto espresso machine for home. So I've been working as a barista for the last 3 years and have a love for coffee. What is the correct water temperature for brewing coffee?Ĭomments for What is the correct temperature for serving coffee? Is your drip brewer is even CAPABLE of making good coffee? There is no point in buying great beans and serving the coffee at a lower temperature unless you also take the trouble to brew the coffee well.įurther reading on how to grind and brew a great cup of coffee.īurr or Blade? The fact is, a burr coffee grinder is better. Of course, if you choose the second option, then you also need to pay close attention to how you grind the beans and brew the coffee. One approach to the serving temperature of coffee could go like this: For your regular cup of coffee, go for 175✯, but if you buy some really good coffee beans and want to really taste the coffee and discover all of its flavor notes and qualities, serve it at 150✯ or lower. At the lower end of the scale, at 150✯ and below, we get less of that “hot cup of Joe” experience, but are able to taste some of the more subtle flavors of the coffee. At the hotter end of the scale, at about 175✯, we feel the satisfaction of drinking a nice hot cup of coffee. What he says makes sense, because if you think about coffee that is really hot, almost hot enough to burn your tongue, you really don’t taste much at all. But according to him, it’s at that temperature that many of the more subtle flavors of coffee are revealed. To you and me that would feel like tepid coffee. George Howell of George Howell Coffee, who has been sourcing and tasting specialty coffee since the 1970s, likes to drink his coffee at a temperature closer to 130✯. That said, there are some coffee experts who like to drink their coffee at much lower temperatures. Most people prefer it towards the higher end, at about 175✯.ĭo you remember that lawsuit that MacDonalds lost when a customer scalded herself after she spilled some of her coffee?īack then the MacDonalds manual for its employees stated that coffee should be served at "195 to 205 degrees and held at 180 to 190 degrees for optimal taste."Īs they discovered when they lost the case, that was too hot. Thermos ThermoCafé Travel Mug, £8.Can you tell me what is the proper temperature to serve coffee? Thanks!Ĭoffee is best served at a temperature between 155✯ and 175✯ (70✬ to 80✬). The KeepCup Reusable Tempered Glass Coffee Cup with SplashProof Lid is £20.30 on Amazon's UK website. He added: "It can however still be used as a lovely cup without the lid if you needed, hence the 3 star review." Luke Smith was less happy, saying the simple design "appealed to my more minimalist side" but the lid eventually started to leak after warping during washing. Holds the liquid on, no spillage so far." It's a joy to see the rich colour of my coffee through the clear glass." And Karina said: "Good quality glass mug. Reviewer Remi was impressed, saying: "The tempered glass material not only looks elegant but also keeps my coffee tasting fresh and free from any unwanted flavours. The lightweight cups are made from tempered glass and come in various colours and sizes, but this stylish 340ml version available from Amazon has a cork band grip. The makers of the KeepCup claim it is "the cup that started the reuse revolution". KeepCup Reusable Tempered Glass Coffee Cup, £20.30 from Amazon (Image: Amazon) 12/6/2023 0 Comments Color scatter plot python seabornBokeh Bokeh is a Python data visualization library that provides interactive and responsive visualization tools for modern web browsers.To create an interactive scatter plot using Plotly, you can use the following code: import plotly.express as pxįig = px.scatter(data, x='height', y='weight', color='gender') It is easy to use and offers a wide range of customization options, making it ideal for creating stunning visualizations for web applications. Plotly Plotly is a web-based data visualization library that enables you to create interactive plots and charts.Sns.histplot(data=data, x='age', bins=20) To create a histogram using Seaborn, you can use the following code: import seaborn as sns Seaborn includes features such as easy-to-use color palettes, attractive default styles, and built-in themes. It provides a higher-level interface for creating visually appealing and informative statistical graphics. Seaborn Seaborn is another popular data visualization library in Python that is built on top of Matplotlib.To create a line plot in Matplotlib, for instance, you can use the following code: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt It is easy to use and is often the go-to library for many data scientists. With Matplotlib, you can create line plots, scatter plots, bar plots, histograms, and more. It provides a wide range of options for creating high-quality charts, graphs, and plots. Matplotlib Matplotlib is a popular data visualization library in Python. 12/6/2023 0 Comments Diptrace to eagleHow would you describe the effort you have put into your Scouting career? Expected response: I did my best. What lessons did you learn from the Eagle process and how do you think those lessons will help you in your future endeavors? In other words, what will you take away from this experience?.If you could do it all over again, would you, and why?.Of all the patches on your uniform, which one means the most or which one of them are you proudest to wear?.What do you believe our society expects from an Eagle Scout?.What will you do as an Eagle Scout to give back to Scouting?.But I’ve included this many in the hopes you’ll find a few you hadn’t thought to ask. I know! There’s no way you can ask 40 questions during an Eagle Scout board of review. Here are 40 to try the next time you’re involved in this important final step on a young person’s journey to Eagle: 40 Quality Questions for Eagle Scout Boards of Review So I asked our Facebook friends for their go-to questions. Kathy’s certainly not the only one at a loss for words at a Board of Review. If I’m to ask questions, can you give me some insight as to what’s appropriate? I don’t want to look stupid. I’ve just been asked to sit on the Board of Review for one of my students, since I’ve known him since he was in the second grade. Here’s what Kathy, a Scouter from the Northeast, told me: Turns out, though, that the Scout often isn’t the only nervous person in the room. When it comes to life-changing interviews for a teenager, you can’t top the Eagle Scout Board of Review.įor some Scouts, the thought of answering a barrage of questions from adults is worse than a trip to the dentist. Forget that sit-down with the hiring supervisor at Subway. 12/6/2023 0 Comments Xray diffraction equationsAlthough wavelengths change while traveling from one medium to another, colors do not, since colors are associated with frequency. It follows that the wavelength of light is smaller in any medium than it is in vacuum. Where λ λ is the wavelength in vacuum and n is the medium’s index of refraction. As it is characteristic of wave behavior, interference is observed for water waves, sound waves, and light waves. Here we see the beam spreading out horizontally into a pattern of bright and dark regions that are caused by systematic constructive and destructive interference. Passing a pure, one-wavelength beam through vertical slits with a width close to the wavelength of the beam reveals the wave character of light. The laser beam emitted by the observatory represents ray behavior, as it travels in a straight line. In Figure 17.2, both the ray and wave characteristics of light can be seen. Interference is the identifying behavior of a wave. However, when it interacts with smaller objects, it displays its wave characteristics prominently. As is true for all waves, light travels in straight lines and acts like a ray when it interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength. The range of visible wavelengths is approximately 380 to 750 nm. Although such plane-wave moiré images are not widely observed in a nearly pure form, knowledge of their properties is essential for the understanding of diffraction moiré fringes in general.Where c = 3.00 × 10 8 c = 3.00 × 10 8 m/s is the speed of light in vacuum, f is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave in Hz (or s –1), and λ λ is its wavelength in m. Then, the properties of moiré fringes derived from the above theory are explained for the case of a plane-wave diffraction image, where the significant effect of Pendellösung intensity oscillation on the moiré pattern when the crystal is strained is described in detail with theoretically simulated moiré images. Firstly, prior to discussing the main subject of the paper, a previous article on the two-dimensionality of diffraction moiré patterns is more » restated on a thorough calculation of the moiré interference phase. A detailed and comprehensive theoretical description of X-ray diffraction moiré fringes for a bicrystal specimen is given on the basis of a calculation by plane-wave dynamical diffraction theory. « lessĪ detailed and comprehensive theoretical description of X-ray diffraction moiré fringes for a bicrystal specimen is given on the basis of a calculation by plane-wave dynamical diffraction theory, where the effect of the Pendellösung intensity oscillation on the moiré pattern is explained in detail. Finally, the results are found to be in agreement with dynamical X-ray diffraction calculations made with the Takagi–Taupin equations specialized to a surface having convex or concave features, as reported in the accompanying paper. Topographic images were obtained as a function of rocking angle, and in the case of 8.200 keV the surface morphology is evident. The results at 8.100 keV allow an alternative explanation based on strain near the surface to be more » ruled out. Features arising from surface undulations were not observed at 8.100 keV, but were observed at 8.200 keV. The grazing angles of incidence were near 1.08 and 0.33° for these two energies, respectively. A crystal with an asymmetry angle of 46 ± 0.1° between the surface and the (111) planes was studied. The results are reported of an X-ray diffraction study of an Si crystal designed and fabricated for very asymmetric diffraction from the 333 reflection for X-ray energies of 8.100 and 8.200 keV. |
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